of Contemporary Society
& Education
New Layer Glotan research south africa JOURNAL
Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) 2021

Copyright and Permissions
No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means electronic or mechanical; including photocopying, recording or any means of information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the Havilah Glo Marketing, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Printed by Azion Publications, 9, Adetayo Oso Street, Akoka, Lagos www.azionresources.com
ISSN: 2709-832X(Print) 27098338

Prof Solomon Modiba – School of Education, Department of Education Studies and Education Management, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Prof Talakani Mashau – University of Venda, Tohoyandou, South Africa
Prof Dayo Akinbobola Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Prof Akpovire Oduaran – North-West University, Faculty of Education, COMBER Research Niche Area, Mahikeng, South Africa
Dr Pravina Pillay – Department of Arts and Languages Education, University of Zululand, South Africa
Dr. David Matsepe – South African Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU), Johannesburg, South Africa
Ms C K OJAKOROTU Secretary
Editor in Chief: Prof Victor Ojakorotu, Department of Political
Studies, School of Government Studies, NWU, Mafikeng , South
Africa.

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) is a journal that provides an avenue to scholars, researchers, policy analysts, think tank groups, as well as the civil society community to ventilate the various ramifications of the relations between environment and politics and development in Africa. The causal relationship between the environment and politics and vice versa has grown such that the scientific and political communities have fundamentally and unprecedentedly come to agreement as to the cause(s) of environmental problems. Hence, there is a growing recognition of government as the consumer of scientific findings on the environment such as that this journal portends. This point, in many respect, led to the inauguration of this journal. It is as a consequence of addressing environmental governance issues from the global level right to the local and municipal levels across the world and with special interest on Africa’s landscape that Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) was established. Coupled with an ever-growing number of environmental movements and the broadening scope of environmental protection and environmental security advocacy and activism, the journal garners relevance. That is, a meaningful venture therefore to critically periscope the environment-politics nexus that this journal represents is because it appreciates the environment’s complex realities in our modern world. The necessity of this journal too stems from many cases of resource-rich nations in Africa that have largely failed to translate their endowments into mass wealth and development, and thereby give rise to what scholars have tagged ‘‘resource curse’’ and/or affliction, to entrench sustainable environment in the continent. Hitherto in the African continent, there has been recognised absence of much intellectual, academic and advocacy platforms upon which to discuss issues of environment-politics linkages in the continent in tandem with the rest of the world. While many existing academic mediums treat issues on the relationship between environment and politics as part of larger themes on Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 1, No 1, 2019 vi geography, agricultural science and the sciences generally, regrettably those in the humanities and social sciences have not fared better on this. It is for the reason of providing a platform for intellectuals in the humanities and social sciences alongside those in all other spheres of academic research that the Editorial Team purposefully pursued to ground Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE)

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE), Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021 is dedicated to maintaining the utmost ethical standards in scholarly publishing. All individuals involved in the process, including authors, editors, reviewers, and other parties, are expected to strictly adhere to the following standards.

  • Authorship: Authors must diligently acknowledge all contributors and verify that all authors fulfil the requirements for authorship.
  • Originality and plagiarism: All submitted work must be original and cite all relevant sources. We do not tolerate plagiarism or any form of academic misconduct.
  • Data fabrication and falsification: Authors should present accurate and reliable data and avoid any form of data manipulation.
  • Conflicts of interest: All authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may affect the integrity of the publication process.
  • Ethical treatment of research participants: Researchers must obtain informed consent and respect the privacy and dignity of study participants.
  • Peer review integrity: necessitates an impartial, fair, and confidential review procedure.
  • Responsible reporting: Authors should accurately and responsibly communicate research findings, avoiding exaggeration or sensationalism.

By adhering to these ethical guidelines, African and Global Issues aims to maintain the trust and confidence of our readers and the broader research community. For more information or to report any concerns related to publication ethics, please contact the editorial team at: glotanresearchservices@gmail.com

Our Review Process – Summary of How It Works

The African and Global Issues journal articles are rigorously peer-reviewed to ensure quality, validity, and authenticity. The process involves:

  • Initial screening: The editorial team checks the manuscript’s adherence to guidelines and scope.
  • Peer review: At least two independent reviewers evaluate the manuscript based on predetermined criteria.
  • Decision: The editing team reaches a conclusion by considering the recommendations provided by the reviewers.
  • Revision: Authors may be requested to make revisions and submit the work again, specifically addressing the suggestions provided by the reviewers.
  • Acceptance: Once revisions are satisfactory, the manuscript undergoes final editing and proofreading before publication.

Components of the Review Process

The peer-review approach African and Global Issues Journal employs comprises multiple components:

  • Quality assessment: Reviewers assess the manuscript’s quality, significance, and scientific merit.
  • Confidentiality: Reviewers maintain the confidentiality of the review process.
  • Feedback: Reviewers provide constructive feedback to authors to improve the manuscript.
  • Timeliness: Reviewers are expected to complete their reviews within the designated timeframe.

Time Frame for Completing the Review of Articles

The “African and Global Issues” journal aims to complete the review process within four weeks from the initial submission. However, the actual time frame may vary depending on factors such as the reviewers’ availability and the extent of revisions required.

Guest Editorship

“African and Global Issues” encourages guest editors to propose and manage special issues on topics related to the journal’s scope. Guest editors collaborate with the editorial team to define the issue’s theme, manage the peer-review process, and ensure the timely publication of articles.

If you are interested in proposing a special issue or becoming a guest editor, please contact the editorial team at glotanresearchservices@gmail.com with your proposal, including the theme, rationale, and a tentative list of potential contributors.

Content here

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Here

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) 2021

Copyright and Permissions
No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means electronic or mechanical; including photocopying, recording or any means of information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the Havilah Glo Marketing, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Printed by Azion Publications, 9, Adetayo Oso Street, Akoka, Lagos www.azionresources.com
ISSN: 2709-832X(Print) 27098338

Prof Solomon Modiba – School of Education, Department of Education Studies and Education Management, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Prof Talakani Mashau – University of Venda, Tohoyandou, South Africa
Prof Dayo Akinbobola Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Prof Akpovire Oduaran – North-West University, Faculty of Education, COMBER Research Niche Area, Mahikeng, South Africa
Dr Pravina Pillay – Department of Arts and Languages Education, University of Zululand, South Africa
Dr. David Matsepe – South African Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU), Johannesburg, South Africa
Ms C K OJAKOROTU Secretary
Editor in Chief: Prof Victor Ojakorotu, Department of Political
Studies, School of Government Studies, NWU, Mafikeng , South
Africa.

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) is a journal that provides an avenue to scholars, researchers, policy analysts, think tank groups, as well as the civil society community to ventilate the various ramifications of the relations between environment and politics and development in Africa. The causal relationship between the environment and politics and vice versa has grown such that the scientific and political communities have fundamentally and unprecedentedly come to agreement as to the cause(s) of environmental problems. Hence, there is a growing recognition of government as the consumer of scientific findings on the environment such as that this journal portends. This point, in many respect, led to the inauguration of this journal. It is as a consequence of addressing environmental governance issues from the global level right to the local and municipal levels across the world and with special interest on Africa’s landscape that Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) was established. Coupled with an ever-growing number of environmental movements and the broadening scope of environmental protection and environmental security advocacy and activism, the journal garners relevance. That is, a meaningful venture therefore to critically periscope the environment-politics nexus that this journal represents is because it appreciates the environment’s complex realities in our modern world. The necessity of this journal too stems from many cases of resource-rich nations in Africa that have largely failed to translate their endowments into mass wealth and development, and thereby give rise to what scholars have tagged ‘‘resource curse’’ and/or affliction, to entrench sustainable environment in the continent. Hitherto in the African continent, there has been recognised absence of much intellectual, academic and advocacy platforms upon which to discuss issues of environment-politics linkages in the continent in tandem with the rest of the world. While many existing academic mediums treat issues on the relationship between environment and politics as part of larger themes on Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 1, No 1, 2019 vi geography, agricultural science and the sciences generally, regrettably those in the humanities and social sciences have not fared better on this. It is for the reason of providing a platform for intellectuals in the humanities and social sciences alongside those in all other spheres of academic research that the Editorial Team purposefully pursued to ground Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE)

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE), Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021 is dedicated to maintaining the utmost ethical standards in scholarly publishing. All individuals involved in the process, including authors, editors, reviewers, and other parties, are expected to strictly adhere to the following standards.

  • Authorship: Authors must diligently acknowledge all contributors and verify that all authors fulfil the requirements for authorship.
  • Originality and plagiarism: All submitted work must be original and cite all relevant sources. We do not tolerate plagiarism or any form of academic misconduct.
  • Data fabrication and falsification: Authors should present accurate and reliable data and avoid any form of data manipulation.
  • Conflicts of interest: All authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may affect the integrity of the publication process.
  • Ethical treatment of research participants: Researchers must obtain informed consent and respect the privacy and dignity of study participants.
  • Peer review integrity: necessitates an impartial, fair, and confidential review procedure.
  • Responsible reporting: Authors should accurately and responsibly communicate research findings, avoiding exaggeration or sensationalism.

By adhering to these ethical guidelines, African and Global Issues aims to maintain the trust and confidence of our readers and the broader research community. For more information or to report any concerns related to publication ethics, please contact the editorial team at: glotanresearchservices@gmail.com

Our Review Process – Summary of How It Works

The African and Global Issues journal articles are rigorously peer-reviewed to ensure quality, validity, and authenticity. The process involves:

  • Initial screening: The editorial team checks the manuscript’s adherence to guidelines and scope.
  • Peer review: At least two independent reviewers evaluate the manuscript based on predetermined criteria.
  • Decision: The editing team reaches a conclusion by considering the recommendations provided by the reviewers.
  • Revision: Authors may be requested to make revisions and submit the work again, specifically addressing the suggestions provided by the reviewers.
  • Acceptance: Once revisions are satisfactory, the manuscript undergoes final editing and proofreading before publication.

Components of the Review Process

The peer-review approach African and Global Issues Journal employs comprises multiple components:

  • Quality assessment: Reviewers assess the manuscript’s quality, significance, and scientific merit.
  • Confidentiality: Reviewers maintain the confidentiality of the review process.
  • Feedback: Reviewers provide constructive feedback to authors to improve the manuscript.
  • Timeliness: Reviewers are expected to complete their reviews within the designated timeframe.

Time Frame for Completing the Review of Articles

The “African and Global Issues” journal aims to complete the review process within four weeks from the initial submission. However, the actual time frame may vary depending on factors such as the reviewers’ availability and the extent of revisions required.

Guest Editorship

“African and Global Issues” encourages guest editors to propose and manage special issues on topics related to the journal’s scope. Guest editors collaborate with the editorial team to define the issue’s theme, manage the peer-review process, and ensure the timely publication of articles.

If you are interested in proposing a special issue or becoming a guest editor, please contact the editorial team at glotanresearchservices@gmail.com with your proposal, including the theme, rationale, and a tentative list of potential contributors.

Content here

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Here

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) 2021

Copyright and Permissions
No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means electronic or mechanical; including photocopying, recording or any means of information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the Havilah Glo Marketing, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Printed by Azion Publications, 9, Adetayo Oso Street, Akoka, Lagos www.azionresources.com
ISSN: 2709-832X(Print) 27098338

Prof Solomon Modiba – School of Education, Department of Education Studies and Education Management, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Prof Talakani Mashau – University of Venda, Tohoyandou, South Africa
Prof Dayo Akinbobola Department of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Prof Akpovire Oduaran – North-West University, Faculty of Education, COMBER Research Niche Area, Mahikeng, South Africa
Dr Pravina Pillay – Department of Arts and Languages Education, University of Zululand, South Africa
Dr. David Matsepe – South African Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU), Johannesburg, South Africa
Ms C K OJAKOROTU Secretary
Editor in Chief: Prof Victor Ojakorotu, Department of Political
Studies, School of Government Studies, NWU, Mafikeng , South
Africa.

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) is a journal that provides an avenue to scholars, researchers, policy analysts, think tank groups, as well as the civil society community to ventilate the various ramifications of the relations between environment and politics and development in Africa. The causal relationship between the environment and politics and vice versa has grown such that the scientific and political communities have fundamentally and unprecedentedly come to agreement as to the cause(s) of environmental problems. Hence, there is a growing recognition of government as the consumer of scientific findings on the environment such as that this journal portends. This point, in many respect, led to the inauguration of this journal. It is as a consequence of addressing environmental governance issues from the global level right to the local and municipal levels across the world and with special interest on Africa’s landscape that Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE) was established. Coupled with an ever-growing number of environmental movements and the broadening scope of environmental protection and environmental security advocacy and activism, the journal garners relevance. That is, a meaningful venture therefore to critically periscope the environment-politics nexus that this journal represents is because it appreciates the environment’s complex realities in our modern world. The necessity of this journal too stems from many cases of resource-rich nations in Africa that have largely failed to translate their endowments into mass wealth and development, and thereby give rise to what scholars have tagged ‘‘resource curse’’ and/or affliction, to entrench sustainable environment in the continent. Hitherto in the African continent, there has been recognised absence of much intellectual, academic and advocacy platforms upon which to discuss issues of environment-politics linkages in the continent in tandem with the rest of the world. While many existing academic mediums treat issues on the relationship between environment and politics as part of larger themes on Ayika: Journal of Environment and Politics in Africa Vol. 1, No 1, 2019 vi geography, agricultural science and the sciences generally, regrettably those in the humanities and social sciences have not fared better on this. It is for the reason of providing a platform for intellectuals in the humanities and social sciences alongside those in all other spheres of academic research that the Editorial Team purposefully pursued to ground Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE)

Journal of Contemporary Society & Education (JCSE), Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021 is dedicated to maintaining the utmost ethical standards in scholarly publishing. All individuals involved in the process, including authors, editors, reviewers, and other parties, are expected to strictly adhere to the following standards.

  • Authorship: Authors must diligently acknowledge all contributors and verify that all authors fulfil the requirements for authorship.
  • Originality and plagiarism: All submitted work must be original and cite all relevant sources. We do not tolerate plagiarism or any form of academic misconduct.
  • Data fabrication and falsification: Authors should present accurate and reliable data and avoid any form of data manipulation.
  • Conflicts of interest: All authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may affect the integrity of the publication process.
  • Ethical treatment of research participants: Researchers must obtain informed consent and respect the privacy and dignity of study participants.
  • Peer review integrity: necessitates an impartial, fair, and confidential review procedure.
  • Responsible reporting: Authors should accurately and responsibly communicate research findings, avoiding exaggeration or sensationalism.

By adhering to these ethical guidelines, African and Global Issues aims to maintain the trust and confidence of our readers and the broader research community. For more information or to report any concerns related to publication ethics, please contact the editorial team at: glotanresearchservices@gmail.com

Our Review Process – Summary of How It Works

The African and Global Issues journal articles are rigorously peer-reviewed to ensure quality, validity, and authenticity. The process involves:

  • Initial screening: The editorial team checks the manuscript’s adherence to guidelines and scope.
  • Peer review: At least two independent reviewers evaluate the manuscript based on predetermined criteria.
  • Decision: The editing team reaches a conclusion by considering the recommendations provided by the reviewers.
  • Revision: Authors may be requested to make revisions and submit the work again, specifically addressing the suggestions provided by the reviewers.
  • Acceptance: Once revisions are satisfactory, the manuscript undergoes final editing and proofreading before publication.

Components of the Review Process

The peer-review approach African and Global Issues Journal employs comprises multiple components:

  • Quality assessment: Reviewers assess the manuscript’s quality, significance, and scientific merit.
  • Confidentiality: Reviewers maintain the confidentiality of the review process.
  • Feedback: Reviewers provide constructive feedback to authors to improve the manuscript.
  • Timeliness: Reviewers are expected to complete their reviews within the designated timeframe.

Time Frame for Completing the Review of Articles

The “African and Global Issues” journal aims to complete the review process within four weeks from the initial submission. However, the actual time frame may vary depending on factors such as the reviewers’ availability and the extent of revisions required.

Guest Editorship

“African and Global Issues” encourages guest editors to propose and manage special issues on topics related to the journal’s scope. Guest editors collaborate with the editorial team to define the issue’s theme, manage the peer-review process, and ensure the timely publication of articles.

If you are interested in proposing a special issue or becoming a guest editor, please contact the editorial team at glotanresearchservices@gmail.com with your proposal, including the theme, rationale, and a tentative list of potential contributors.

Content here

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Here